It was a psychological warfare method which could involve the group based and systematic gaslighting of targets, among other things. Army Successfully Demos Laser Weapon Stryker in Germany, DefenseNews.com, March 21, 2018, available at < https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/03/21/us-army-successfully-demos-laser-weapon-on-stryker-in-europe/>. A methane gas combustion chamber leading to two parabolic dishes pulse-detonated at roughly 44 Hz. In addition, a technique known as adaptive optics has been developed for many years. Depending on the type of laser, this means that the weapon can have an almost "endless magazine" of laser bursts. Researchers with AFRL use the Guidestar laser for real-time, high-fidelity tracking and imaging of satellites too faint for conventional adaptive optical imaging systems. One shortcoming of laser weapons is that their beams travel only in straight lines, which means they have no indirect-fire mode and cannot shoot beyond the system's visual horizon. For more information, see Physicians for Human Rights and INCLO, "Lethal in Disguise: The Health Consequences of Crowd-Control Weapons." (March, 2016). However, the Army felt the fixed-base laser system was too large and cut funding for the program after the demonstration phase. Colonel Craig Hughes, Office of Force Transformation, U.S. Department of Defense, "Re-directed Energy: the Tactical Relay Mirror System," presentation at The Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C., February 13, 2006. A demonstration system was tested at Kirtland Air Force Base in 2000. Laser weapons potentially eliminate many logistical problems in terms of ammunition supply, as long as there is enough energy to power them. Magnus Karlsson (2009). For instance, the Active Denial System was not ready for deployment when the United States invaded Iraq, in part because the money was not there. The military has rhetorically embraced the wonders of DEWs, but it has not always opened its wallet to fund the technologies. On land, this includes base defense, where DE can provide a deep magazine, long-range engagement, and low cost-per-shot against proliferated threats. [39] It was announced by Raytheon in 2005, and the effectiveness of its waveforms was reported to have been demonstrated in field tests to be highly effective in defeating MANPADS missiles.[40]. [1] They may begin to appear on the battlefield within the next decade, bringing a revolution in weapons and how war is waged. Electronic devices can be shielded by putting conductive metal cages around them; however, enough microwave energy may still get through the shielding to damage the device. From the Stone Age until the Middle Ages, a weapon's power was limited by the strength of the man wielding it or, in the case of bows, by the strength of material from which it was made. As defined by Direct Energy Weapons Agency is any weapon, device or electronic that uses any kind of energy to disable, harass, assault, incapacitate another human being, an enemy's weapons, their equipment, hideouts, etc. [10]Press release, "Airborne Laser Progress Continues as Northrop Grumman Runs Full-Power COIL Tests, Delivers Beacon Illuminator Laser," Northrop Grumman Corporation, January 4, 2006, at http://www.irconnect.com/noc/pages/news_printer.mhtml?d=91869 (March 15, 2006). Directional sound. One of the most promising laser devices is the free-electron laser. However, considerable work still needs to be done before they can be deployed. In 1999, the modern German state was investigating the possibility that this X-ray equipment was being used as weaponry and that it was a deliberate policy of the Stasi to attempt to give prisoners radiation poisoning, and thereby cancer, through the use of directed X-rays. [61][62], Stories in the 1930s and World War Two gave rise to the idea of an "engine-stopping ray". 00:38. The megawatt-class laser was tested at full power in early 2006. Microwave electromagnetic weapons can also stun a victim. In 2017, the Air Force Secretary and Chief of Staff signed the DE Flight Plan outlining the path ahead for the Air Force to develop and deploy both high-energy lasers and high-power RF weapons for its aircraft. But with laser weapons, instead of thinking in terms of a laser pointer, the mental image should be more like a powerful, long-range blowtorch! On 10 October 1984 (STS-41-G), the Terra-3 tracking laser was allegedly aimed at Challenger as it passed over the facility. The Air Force Research Lab's Propulsion Directorate has studied using generators that use high-temperature superconducting wire and high-voltage capacitors. [71] The negative effects of the radiation poisoning and cancer would extend past the period of incarceration. Improvements in energy-generating systems may also make particle-beam weapons feasible. The sensation increases in intensity until the affected individual moves out of the beam or it is shut off. The Sodium Guidestar at the Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate's Starfire Optical Range. What are Directed Energy Weapons? Millimeter waveband energy can penetrate human skin to a very shallow depth, heating the tissue below. Challenges remain in terms of the size, weight and power input requirements of todays laser systems, especially in the thermal control and power management subsystems. [51], Additionally, the Russian Federation is developing various plasma weapons.[52]. The U.S. military has developed a directed energy technology that shoots beams of a slightly longer wavelength in a focused area over distances up to a mile. Like lasers, HPM weapons can operate in a pulsed or continuous manner and are classified using peak or average power respectively. The system consists of several modules: an infrared detection system to detect the missile's launch; the Tracking Illumination Laser (TILL); the Beacon Illuminator Laser (BILL); and the Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL). Most HPM systems are based on short pulses of radiofrequency (RF) energy, for which peak power is the important metric. Directed energy weapons could also play a key role in defending against what has been described as the number one threat to the United States by the Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Dr. Mike Griffinhypersonic weapons. The distinction between them is the wavelength/frequency of the energy. [7]Bill Gertz, "N. Korea Fired Laser at Troops," The Washington Times, May 13, 2003, at http://newsmine.org/archive/war-on-terror/north-korea/nkorea-fired-laser-at-troops.txt (March 15, 2006). Zersetzung). For example, while the Chinese ZM-87 laser interference device is technically a laser dazzler, it can permanently damage the human eye at a distance of two to three kilometers. At 200 yards away, body temperature increases from the normal 98.6 F to 107 F. At closer range, the temperature increase can be even higher, and is lethal. [41] Vigilant Eagle was not mentioned on Raytheon's Web site in 2022. In a much more dramatic application, the recently released Missile Defense Review (MDR), the first update to U.S. Missile Defense Strategy in nearly a decade, delivers a visionary plan to protect the United States from ever-intensifying threats around the world. Because of its coherence, laser light can stay concentrated for very long distanceseven thousands of miles into space. [2], During the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union studied the possibility of creating particle-beam weapons, which fire streams of electrons, protons, neutrons, or even neutral hydrogen atoms. [13]SPG Media, "ABL YAL 1A Airborne Laser, USA," at http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/abl (March 15, 2006). They built an electron accelerator called Rheotron to generate hard X-ray synchrotron beams for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM). [6]GlobalSecurity.org, "Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3)," at http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/patriot-ac-3.htm (March 15, 2006). This technology delivers very high-frequency millimeter-wavelength electromagnetic rays that heat skin on contact, causing a painful burning sensation. Panel discussions on the role of high-power lasers in SDI took place at various laser conferences, during the 1980s, with the participation of noted physicists including Edward Teller.[76][77]. 019, available at < https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Interactive/2018/11-2019-Missile-Defense-Review/The%202019%20MDR_Executive%20Summary.pdf>. [47], A weapon often described as an "anti-drone rifle" or "anti-drone gun" is a battery-powered electromagnetic pulse weapon held to an operator's shoulder, pointed at a flying target in a way similar to a rifle, and operated. the 14,000 artillery and rocket launchers arrayed within striking distance of Seoul with its 10 million inhabitants. For ex. [82], LRADs are often fitted on commercial and military ships. Loading. In recent years the U.S. Navy deployed a 30kW class solid state laser weapon system (LaWS) prototype on the Afloat Forward Staging Base, USS Ponce. The laser light is coherent in a single color, and the flashlight is broad-spectrum light. They are well-suited to defending against threats such as missiles and artillery shells, which DEWs can shoot down in mid-flight. [45], AESA radars mounted on fighter aircraft have been slated as directed energy weapons against missiles, however, a senior US Air Force officer noted: "they aren't particularly suited to create weapons effects on missiles because of limited antenna size, power and field of view". Stupor is reported to have been used by Russian forces during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war. In an effort to avoid such condemnation the state security service, the Stasi, attempted alternative methods of repression which could paralyze people without keeping them in a physical prison. Though the strategic missile defense concept has continued to the present under the Missile Defense Agency, most of the directed-energy weapon concepts were shelved. The United States has the technology, the resources, the talent, and the infrastructure to develop and deploy directed energy weapons to meet todays and tomorrows emerging threats. Among the directed-energy weapons the Nazis investigated were X-ray beam weapons developed under Heinz Schmellenmeier, Richard Gans and Fritz Houtermans. U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs: Hearings Gulf War Illnesses; Testimony to the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee; Meryl Nass, MD, Director of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Mount Desert Island Hospital Bar Harbor, Maine; September 25, 2007, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 22:00, United States Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "Milsat Magazine, Satnews Daily, June 24th 2009", "The Chinese Military Now Has Laser Weapons", "Drones, lasers, and tanks: China shows off its latest weapons", "New Chinese Microwave Weapon Can Short Out IEDs and Tanks", "Laser directed energy weapons likely to receive the most investment in future: Poll", "EDA Studying the Use of Naval Directed Energy Weapons", "The French Have Plans For A Constellation Of Laser-Armed Miniature Satellites", "High Energy Laser For Multiple Applications", "Dragonfire laser turret unveiled at DSEI 2017 MBDA", "Dragonfire, a guide to the new British laser weapon", "A farewell to traditional arms: Russia develops weapons for the future", "Russia's new MiG-35 fighter jet to use laser weapons", "Russia's combat laser weapons declassified", "KALI: India's weapon to destroy any uninvited missiles and aircrafts [, "Future technologies must be propelled by power of today's youth: DRDO chairman", "DRDO plans Star Wars-style weapons for battles of future", "Announced In 2017, Why Pakistan's Fifth-Gen Stealth Fighter Jet Program 'Project Azm' Fails To Attract Foreign Partners? 7 David M. Sowders et al., High Power Microwave (HPM) and Ultrawideband (UWB): A Primer on High Power RF, PL-TR-95-1111, Special Report, Phillips Laboratory, March 1996, 76. [18], Paired with a microwave generator, an EPFCG could produce an ultrashort, intense microwave burst. The article states: 'The squawk box is highly directional which gives it its appeal. Developing hypersonic interceptors will also be an option in the U.S. defense architecture. In March 2003, North Korea may have used a ZM-87 to "paint" two U.S. Apache helicopters patrolling the Demilitarized Zone.[7]. In most cases, the target system must be shut off and restarted, and may require minor repairs before it can operate normally again. 3 How a Fiber Laser Works, SPI Lasers International website, available at . There are also three types of EM Much work needs to be done before DEWs are deployed. Albert Einstein described the theoretical underpinnings of lasers in 1917. [26] Most DEWs are not yet far enough along in development and thus have not received this final stamp of approval. A DE weapon is a system using DE primarily as a direct means to disable, damage or destroy adversary equipment, facilities, and personnel. In 1995, the Chinese military marketed the ZM-87 laser interference device, a tripod-mounted battlefield laser dazzler designed to blind enemy soldiers and optics temporarily. In early versions of laser weapons, the light was generated by chemical reactions. High-power microwave (HPM) and high-power millimeter wave weapons emit beams of electromagnetic energy typically from about 10 megahertz to the 100 gigahertz frequency range. 6 David Stoudt, Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, private communication. Depending on the particulars of the weapon, and how it is used, ERP levels can reach into the hundreds of gigawatts or higher. Directed energy weapons conjure up images of the Death Star's Superlaser or Optimus Prime's Ion Blaster. However, no military has yet openly deployed HPM weapons. Today, solid state electrical (including fiber) and hybrid lasers are being developed that are much lighter and smaller. Directed energy weapons are no longer just science fiction. We proved that the technology could be effective, but its size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements made the laser weapons impracticable to field. [8], In August 2004, the THEL system shot down multiple mortar rounds during testing. Directed energy is a breakthrough technology whose time has come. They are not the answer to all the challenges, and will not replace kinetic weapons, but they are an essential adjunct to countering specific threats and providing dominance in land, air, sea, and space. Discrete, mission-aligned efforts will maintain our pace of development in the race to get these technologies to the field. DEW technology and its enabling infrastructure have matured to the point that DEWs can begin moving from the lab to the battlefield. The deuterium fluoride chemical laser fires, hitting the rocket or shell and causing it to explode far short of its intended target. Because the laser energy travels at the speed of light, lasers are particularly well-suited for use against moving targets such as rockets, missiles, and artillery projectiles. A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon that damages its target with highly focused energy without a solid projectile, including lasers, microwaves, particle beams, and sound beams. With the ever-increasing use of electronics in weapons systems, HPM devices could have a devastating but nonlethal effect on the battlefield. There has yet to be testing for long-term side effects of exposure to the microwave beam. LRAD systems are used for long-range communications in a variety of applications[53] and as a means of non-lethal, non-projectile crowd control. This In Focus discusses a selection of In addition, a laser shot (including the cost of producing the energy) is much cheaper than a shot from a chemical-powered weapon system. First up is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, a 50-killowatt retrofit to a modified Stryker vehicle, which is expected to be operational in 2023. [83] A few years later, the cruise liner Spirit of Adventure also defended itself from Somali pirates by using its LRAD to force them to retreat. While they are both part of the electromagnetic spectrum, laser and microwave weapons operate very differently and have very different effects. However, the Army felt the fixed-base laser system was too large and cut funding for the program after the demonstration phase. [10], Once tracked by the TILL, the BILL measures the atmospheric distortion between the COIL and the missile. This also includes fundamental differences such as the wavelength of the lasers and the beam quality required for success. The virus that causes COVID-19 most likely leaked from a Chinese laboratory, according to a classified report based on new intelligence and recently sent to the White House and key members . [11], The megawatt-class laser was tested at full power in early 2006. Imagine how much the geopolitical calculus would change on the peninsula if a layered, integrated system of high energy lasers and high-power microwave weapons was deployed to defend against these threats. The sensation increases in intensity until the affected individual moves out of the beam or it is shut off. These photons are all at the same wavelength and are coherent, meaning the crests and troughs of the light waves are all in lockstep. Like lasers, particle beams travel at the speed of light, but unlike lasers, the particles in a particle beam have mass, giving the beam tremendous kinetic energy. The system generates a focused beam of energy at the frequency of 95 gigahertz. "[75], In the 1980s, U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program, which was nicknamed Star Wars. European Parliament Are these weapons still science fiction, lab experiments, or are they real? Funding has been cut to both of the programs. It was developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Raytheon for riot-control duty. Building a Stryker with a 50kW laser is a follow-on to the 5kW laser the Army tested on the vehicle just a year ago in Germany at the Joint Warfighting Assessment and related efforts. The laser is being built and will be tested in mid-2006. The full system will be fitted to the aircraft by 2007 and test-fired against ground targets. A prototype ADS system mounted on a Humvee went into testing in August 2005. The United States has come a very long way in the development of directed energy weapon capabilities and is now at a critical juncture. They will be deployed on land vehicles, aircraft, helicopters, and ships. Once tracked by the TILL, the BILL measures the atmospheric distortion between the COIL and the missile. [66], In 1973, New Scientist magazine reported that a sonic weapon known as a 'squawk box' underwent successful field trials in Northern Ireland, using soldiers as guinea pigs. "laser.". In addition to the nuclear ballistic missile threat posed by North Korea, which can be defended by U.S. missile defense systems, there is a North Korean threat which cannot be defended against today. The release noted the HPM and HEL systems engaged and defeated dozens of unmanned aerial system targets during the exercise, The High Energy Laser Mobile Demonstrator, or HEL MD, is the result of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command research. They can be very effective in causing pressurized vessels to explode such as missile propellant and oxidizer tanks. However, because beam strength degrades rapidly as the particles react with the atoms in the atmosphere, it requires an enormous power plant to generate a weapons-grade beam. The release noted the HPM and HEL systems engaged and defeated dozens of unmanned aerial system targets during the exercise.14. Depending on several operational factors, directed-energy weapons may be cheaper to operate than conventional weapons in certain contexts. A laser weapon could target not only a single vehicle in a convoy, but also a specific spot on that vehicle (e.g., the engine) and disable it without injuring the passengers. The Active Denial System (ADS) is a non-lethal directed-energy weapon developed by the U.S. military, designed for area denial, perimeter security and crowd control. 5-1111, Special Report, Phillips Laboratory, March 1996, 76. They seemed to have arisen from the testing of the television transmitter in Feldberg, Germany. Authors: For example, the static and distortion that high voltage power lines have on a car radio causes no lasting damage to the radio after the car leaves the area. Future research will seek to increase the power and decrease the size of DEW systems. Washington, DC 20319-5066. The Defense Department and Congress should start to fund promising and proven DEW technology so that promising weapon systems can move from the lab to the battlefield where they can help military personnel. Microwave weapons can be aimed at computers, electronical devices and persons. Paired with a microwave generator, an EPFCG could produce an ultrashort, intense microwave burst. Today, Directed Energy weapons are being developed by the US and its adversaries for land, sea, and air and space applications. Energy that would otherwise be focused on the target spreads out and the beam becomes less effective: Plasma weapons fire a beam, bolt, or stream of plasma, which is an excited state of matter consisting of atomic electrons & nuclei and free electrons if ionized, or other particles if pinched. PRISM Vol. PRISM. However, Boeing has been somewhat successful with the Boeing YAL-1 and Boeing NC-135, the first of which destroyed two missiles in February 2010. It turned out that during its three-year deployment, from 201114, it was used nearly around the clock in its ISR mode. The EPFCG uses chemical explosives to compress an electrically charged coil. Since 1999 those weapons have been upgraded for another 13 years. However, British scientists calculated that the electronic systems of the time could not generate the power necessary for a "death ray," and research was redirected into early radar detection systems. The Active Denial System (ADS) is a nonlethal anti-personnel DEW that uses millimeter-wavelength beams to create a painful sensation in an individual without causing actual injury. In addition to being able to scale effects on a target, directed energy weapons have inherent attributes that are attractive to the warfighter. The Pentagon believes that DEWs are legal under international law, but human rights groups are arguing that DEWs could be used inhumanely. 14 Oriana Powlyk, Raytheon Directed-Energy Weapons Down Drones in Air Force Demonstration, Military.com, May 1, 2019, available at . 1, Air War College Center for Strategy and Technology, May 2000. The laser is being built and will be tested in mid-2006. Potential applications of this technology include weapons that target personnel, missiles, vehicles, and optical devices. Examples include damaging individual components, circuit cards, or the mother boards in a desktop computer. According to the manufacturer's specifications, the systems weigh from 15 to 320 pounds (6.8 to 145.1kg) and can emit sound in a 30- 60 beam at 2.5kHz. - The Navy continues to learn more about a pair of directed energy weapons, as the service installs the fourth and fifth dazzler system this year and begins land-based testing of . Such arrests, which could also involve direct physical torture, were condemned internationally. Examples of this cited earlier included the Airborne Laser, the Navys LaWS program, and others. [1][2] In the United States, the Pentagon, DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, United States Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, and the Naval Research Laboratory are researching directed-energy weapons to counter ballistic missiles, hypersonic cruise missiles, and hypersonic glide vehicles. For example, while the Chinese ZM-87 laser interference device is technically a laser dazzler, it can permanently damage the human eye at a distance of two to three kilometers. X-ray lasers may be possible in the not too distant future. Richert Seifert & Co from Hamburg delivered parts. The humanitarian community is also concerned about the long-term biological effects of DEWs (microwaves in particular) and their possible use against civilian targets.[25]. A microwave weapon can achieve this result by causing malfunctions within certain relay and processing circuits within the enemy target system. In effect, the United States would have provided stealth-like capability to entire fleets of aircraft. Turning to the air, the United States spent billions of dollars to develop and deploy stealth technology for its fighters and bombers to avoid radar detection and being targeted by surface to air missiles. When directed-energy weapons are mentioned, most people think of "death rays" or Hollywood's latest science fiction movie. The Defense Department needs to establish clear guidelines for using the technology. While some uses may be illegal (e.g., targeting an unarmed civilian who in no way poses a threat), other uses are just as assuredly legal and legitimate. High-energy lasers (HEL) can range from a few kilowatts to megawatts of average power. In 1935, the British Air Ministry asked Robert Watson-Watt of the Radio Research Station whether a "death ray" was possible. Building on the Armys DE efforts during the past 5 to 7 years, the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO) is committed to fielding 50kW lasers on four Strykers (eight wheeled armored fighting vehicles), delivering a residual combat capability at the Platoon level as part of the M-SHORAD mission in support of a Brigade Combat Team. Development of the THEL began in 1996 as a joint program between the United States and Israel to develop a laser system capable of shooting down Katyusha rockets, artillery, and mortar shells. 16 R. Jeffrey Smith, Hypersonic Missiles Are Unstoppable and Theyre Starting a New Global Arms Race, New York Times Magazine, June 19, 2019. The antenna gain of the weapon system is also very important, and when combined with the power of the RF source, yields the Effective Radiated Power (ERP) of the weapon. This plan includes a program which aims to test high energy lasers on aircraft against surface to air and air to air missile threats. 12 Jen Judson, U.S. This damage may create permanent effects depending upon the severity of the attack and the ability of the enemy to diagnose, replace, or repair the affected systems. Within that priority area, the Army is focused on the use of high energy lasers to provide Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) and ManeuverShort-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD). . [19]GlobalSecurity.org, "High Power Microwave (HPM)/E-Bomb," at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/hpm.htm (March 15, 2006). [citation needed]. More than 130 US officials, from the state department, CIA and national security council (NSC), have suffered from symptoms, including dizziness, loss of balance, nausea and headaches, first. According to DODs Joint Publication 313 Electronic Warfare, directed energy (DE) is described as an: umbrella term covering technologies that produce a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. Finally, the concept of destroy involves the ability to inflict catastrophic and permanent injury on the enemy functions and systems. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directed-energy_weapon&oldid=1140806805. . General DOD policy is that directed-energy weapons can be used legitimately on the battlefield. Directed energy weapons could have several main advantages over conventional weaponry: Some devices are described as microwave weapons; the microwave range is commonly defined as being between 300MHz and 300GHz (wavelengths of 1 meter to 1 millimeter), which is within the radiofrequency (RF) range. For example, atmospheric conditions such as turbulence, haze, clouds, etc. So, for a hypersonic weapon that is travelling at 25 times the speed of sound, a high- energy laser can engage it at roughly 35,000 times its speed. When they return to their normal or ground state, the electrons emit photons (particles of light). These weapons were considered for both land and space-based systems. Microwave weapons can be aimed at computers, electronical devices and persons. Directed energy weapon could be responsible for auditory hallucinations, brain injuries. A subset of HPM devices can affect the human body. [88], Media related to Directed-energy weapons at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about real uses of directed energy weapons. However, a variety of optical methods can be used to correct for blooming. The Armys Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office is now asked to make DE technology available to the warfighters as quickly as possible. Light is, for practical purposes, unaffected by, Lasers travel at light-speed and have long range, making them suitable for use in. [38] The device comes in various sizes, including attached to a Humvee. [49], Both Russia and Ukraine are reported to use these devices during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. 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Lasers International website, available at < https: //www.defensenews.com/land/2018/03/21/us-army-successfully-demos-laser-weapon-on-stryker-in-europe/ > of Ukraine devices affect! The period of incarceration get these technologies to the battlefield electronical devices and.! Can be aimed at computers, electronical devices and persons of light ) promising laser devices is the important.! Most promising laser devices is the wavelength/frequency of the most promising laser devices is the free-electron laser wire and capacitors! Variety of optical methods can be aimed at Challenger as it passed over the.... An ultrashort, intense microwave burst for which peak power is the free-electron laser be used to correct blooming!